Machine Translation Archive
Subject Index
to
methods, techniques, issues and topics
in
publications before 1990
[For later
publications see:
publications 1990-1999, publications 2000-2004, and publications
since 2005]
[to
return to home page click here]
Adjectives
(1963) Irene
Bellert: Necessity of introducing some information provided by transformational
analysis into MT algorithms. In: Abstracts of
papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation
and Computational Linguistics,
Adverbs
(1986) Károly Fábricz: Particle homonymy and machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1982) Lieven Jaspaert: Deep cases for adverbial and prepositional
phrases. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1967) Klaus Günther Schweisthal: Semantically governed machine translation of
BE-clauses with adverbs and prepositional phrases. Demonstration
of a ring-model for German/English, English/German including
analysis-synthesis, transformation, transition, and generation. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement
Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 11 pp. [PDF, 412KB]
Ambiguity preservation (see also Disambiguation)
(1984) Vladimir Pericliev: Handling syntactical ambiguity in machine
translation. Coling84: 10th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting
of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
Analysis see
Semantic analysis; Syntactic analyis
Anaphora resolution
(1989) Gertjan van Noord, Joke
Dorrepaal, Doug Arnold, Steven Krauwer, Louisa Sadler, & Louis des Tombe: An approach to sentence-level anaphora in machine
translation. Fourth conference of the European Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 299-307. [PDF, 780KB]
Applications of MT see index of applications
Articles
(1966) Jocelyn Brewer: English article insertion. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3
and 4, September and December 1966; pp.83-96 [PDF, 263KB]
(1964) G.R.Martins: Preliminary
report on the insertion of English articles in Russian-English MT output. Mechanical
Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.2-4 [PDF, 121KB]
(1963) H.P.
Edmundson: The behavior of English articles. In: Abstracts
of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine
Translation and Computational Linguistics,
(1961) J. Barton: The
application of the article in English. 1961
International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied
Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September;
pp.112-118. [PDF, 49KB] [discussion]
Artificial
Intelligence and MT (see
also Knowledge representation, Neural networks)
(1989) Henry Thompson: Speech recognition, artificial intelligence and
translation: how rosy a future? Translating
and the Computer 11: Preparing for the next decade, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 16-17 November 1989, The Conference
Forum, The Sedgwick Centre,
(1987) Kazuhiro Fuchi: The FGCS project and machine translation systems. MT
(1986) Martin Emele, Walter Kehl, & Dietmar
Rösner: Generating natural language from semantic
representations – an AI approach to a Japanese/German machine translation
project.. International
Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in
(1986) B.C.Papegaaij: Word expert semantics: an interlingual
knowledge-based approach; ed. V.Sadler and A.P.M.Witkam.
(1986) Allen B.Tucker, Sergei Nirenburg, & Victor
Raskin: Discourse and cohesion in expository
text. Coling ’86: 11th International
Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1985) R. Gerber &
(1984) Christian Boitet & René Gerber: Expert systems and other new techniques in MT
systems. Coling84: 10th International
Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1978) Yorick Wilks: Machine
translation and artificial intelligence. Translating and the Computer: proceedings of
a seminar,
(1976) Roger C. Schank: Programs to understand stories
[abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on Machine
Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1975) Wallace L. Chafe: Verbalization and translation by machine. American Journal of Computational
Linguistics, microfiche 10; 95pp. [PDF, 3964KB]
(1973) Yorick Wilks & Annette Herskovits: An intelligent analyser and generator for natural
language. Computational and
mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1973) Yorick Wilks: The Stanford machine
translation and understanding project. In: R.Rustin (ed.) Natural language processing (
Aspect
(1988) M.Meya & J.Vidal: An integrated model for the treatment of time in
MT-systems. Coling Budapest: Proceedings
of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.437-441. [PDF, 327KB]
(1988) Frank van Eynde: The analysis of tense and aspect in Eurotra.
Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.699-704. [PDF, 517KB]
ATN
parser
(1988) Hiroyasu Nogami, Yumiko Yoshimura, &
Shia-ya Amano: Parsing with look-ahead in
real-time on-line translation system. Coling
Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences,
Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.488-493. [PDF, 480KB]
(1988) Lee Ann Schwartz: Coordination:
some problems and solutions for the analysis of English with an ATN. Second International Conference on
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural
Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine
Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 12pp.. [PDF, 117KB]
(1986) E.Luctkens & Ph.Ferment: A prototype machine translation based on
extracts from data processing manuals. Coling
’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August
25th to 29th, 1986,
(1984) Hitoshi Iida, Kentaro Ogura, & Hirosato
Nomura: A case analysis method cooperating
with ATNG and its application to machine translation. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics
& 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Yoshiyuki Sakamoto, Masayuki Satoh, &
Tetsuya Ishikawa: Lexicon features for
Japanese syntactic analysis in Mu-project-JE. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics
& 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
2-6 July 1984,
(1983) Xiuming Huang: Dealing with conjunctions in a machine translation
environment. First conference of the
European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 1-2 September 1983,
(1980) Werner Dilger: Automatic
translation with attribute grammars. Coling
80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980,
Bibliography
(see also file of bibliographical resources)
(1985) Jonathan Slocum: A machine(-aided)
translation bibliography, generally restricted to currently accessible
documents written in English, French, or German during the years 1973-1984.
Computational Linguistics 11 (2-3), pp.
170-183 [PDF, 1629KB] [Expanded to cover 1973-1986 in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation systems (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1988); 265-341.]
(1974) Bibliography:
machine translation. American
Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 14; pp. 56-59.
[PDF, 193KB]
(1967) Erwin Reifler: Chinese-English machine
translation: its lexicographic and linguistic problems [with extensive
bibliography]. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine
translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing
Company, 1967); pp.317-428.
(1958) Anthony G.Oettinger: A survey
of Soviet work on automatic translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 101-110 [PDF,
167KB]
(1955-1958) see Bibliography sections in each issue of Mechanical Translation
Bilingual corpora [see also Example-based methods, Test corpora]
(1989) Victor Sadler: Working with analogical semantics:
disambiguation techniques in DLT.
(1987) Poul Sřren Kjćrsgaard: REFTEX – a context-based translation aid. Third conference of the European Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 1-3 April 1987,
(1986) B.C.Papegaaij, V.Sadler, & A.P.M.Witkam: Experiments with an MT-directed lexical
knowledge bank. Coling ’86: 11th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th,
1986,
(1963) Wayne
Tosh: Collecting linguistic data for the grammar of a language. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the
Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics,
Book reviews
(1989) Chrysanne DiMarco: [review of]
Test coherence in translation [by] Bart Papegaaij and Klaus Schubert (Foris
Publications, 1988). Computational Linguistics 15 (3), p. 207
[PDF, 111KB]
(1989) John Hutchins: [review of]
Machine translation today: the state of the art [ed. by] Margaret King
(Edinburgh University Press, 1987). Computational Linguistics 15 (2), pp.
117-120 [PDF, 509KB]
(1989) Rita McCardell: [review of]
Machine translation: linguistic characteristics of MT systems and general
methodology of evaluation [by] John Lehrberger and Laurent Bourbeau (John
Benjamins Publishing Co., 1988). Computational Linguistics 15 (3), pp.
194-195 [PDF, 253KB]
(1989) Esméralda Manandise: [review of]
New directions in machine translation [ed. by] Dan Maxwell et al. (Foris
Publications, 1988). Computational Linguistics 15 (4), pp.
265-267 [PDF, 347KB]
(1989) Jonathan Slocum: [review of] Word
expert semantics [ed. by] Bart C.Papegaaij et al. (Foris Publications,
1986). Computational Linguistics 15 (3), pp.
207-210 [PDF, 111KB]
(1989) John S. White: [review of] Machine
translation systems [ed. by] Jonathan Slocum (Cambridge University Press,
1988). Computational Linguistics 15 (3), pp.
200-204 [PDF, 616KB]
(1988) Richard Kittredge: [review of]
Machine translation: past, present, future [by] William John Hutchins
(Ellis Horwood, 1986). Computational Linguistics 14 (3), pp.
118-120 [PDF, 307KB]
(1988) Harold Somers: [review of] Machine
translation: theoretical and methodological issues [ed. by] Sergei
Nirenburg (Cambridge University Press, 1987). Computational Linguistics 14
(1), pp. 56-61 [PDF, 730KB]
(1976) Raymond D.Gumb: [review
of] Essays on lexical semantics, vol.1 [ed.] V.Ju.Rozencvejg. American Journal of
Computational Linguistics, microfiche 51 (The Finite String 13 (6) September 1976); pp.68-76. [PDF,
105KB]
Books
on MT
(1967) A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation.
Case
grammar
(1988) Chen Zhaoxiang & Gao
Qingshi: English-Chinese machine translation
system IMT/EC. Coling Budapest:
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1,
pp.117-122. [PDF, 573KB]
(1988) Rudi Gebruers: Valency
and MT: recent developments in the METAL system. Second conference on Applied Natural Language Processing
[of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the
conference, 9-12 February 1988, Austin-Marriott at the Capitol,
(1986) Masahiro Abe, Yoshimitsu Ooshima, Katsuhiko
Yuura, & Nobuyuki Takeichi: A kana-kanji translation
system for non-segmented input sentences based on syntactic and semantic
analysis. Coling ’86: 11th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th,
1986,
(1986) Tae Wan Kim, Jin Tae Lee, Chang Ho Park, &
Ki Sik Lee: Machine translation of the Ural-Altaic
as an agglutinative language - On the Korean to Japanese translation. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine
Translation in
(1986) Hirosato Nomura, Shozo Naito, Yasuhiro
Katagiri, & Akira Shimazu: Translation by
understanding: a machine translation system LUTE. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) Yoshiyuki Sakamoto, Taeko Ariga, & Atsushi
Washio: Unified operation control system for Mu
machine translation. International Conference on the
State of the Art in Machine Translation in
(1986) Paul Schmidt: Valency
theory in a stratificational MT-system. Coling
’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August
25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) Harald L.Somers: The need for MT-oriented versions of case and
valency in MT.
(1985) Xiuming Huang: Machine
translation in the SDCG formalism. Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical
and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages,
Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp.
135-144. [PDF, 336KB]
(1985) Kazunori Muraki, Shunji
Ichiyama, & Yasutomo Fukumochi: Augmented
dependency grammar: a simple interface between the grammar rule and the
knowledge. Second conference of the European Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 27-29 March 1985,
(1984) Hitoshi Iida, Kentaro Ogura, & Hirosato
Nomura: A case analysis method cooperating
with ATNG and its application to machine translation. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics
& 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Yoshiyuki Sakamoto, Masayuki Satoh, &
Tetsuya Ishikawa: Lexicon features for
Japanese syntactic analysis in Mu-project-JE. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics
& 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Jun-ichi Tsujii, Jun-ichi Nakamura, &
Makoto Nagao: Analysis grammar of Japanese
in the Mu-project – a procedural approach to analysis grammar. Coling84: 10th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for
Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1982) Lieven Jaspaert: Deep cases for adverbial and prepositional
phrases. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1982) Fujio Nishida & Shinobu Takamatsu: Japanese-English translation through internal
expressions. Coling 82: proceedings
of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1982) Jun-ichi Tsujii: The transfer phase in an English-Japanese
translation system. Coling 82:
proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1980) Fujio Nishida, Shinobu Takamatsu, & Hiroaki
Kuroki: English-Japanese translation
through case-structure conversion. Coling
80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980,
(1980) Hiroshi Uchida & Kenji Sugiyama: A machine translation system from Japanese into
English based on conceptual structure. Coling
80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980,
(1976) Makoto Nagao & Jun-Ichi Tsujii: Analysis of Japanese sentences by using semantic and
contextual information. American
Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 41; 75pp. [PDF, 3775KB]
Categorial
grammar
(1988) John L. Beaven & Pete Whitelock: Machine translation using isomorphic UCGs. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988,
John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1,
pp.32-35. [PDF, 386KB]
(1961) R.P.Mitchell: A
note on categorical grammars. 1961 International
Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis:
proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 212-219. [PDF,
126KB] [discussion]
(1961) Itiroo
(1961) W. Smoke & E. Dubinsky: A program for the machine translation of natural
languages. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November
1961; pp.2-10. [PDF, 233KB]
(1952) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Operational
grammar Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 107KB]
Chart
parsing
(1986) Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt & Manfred Thiel: Controlled active procedures as a tool for
linguistic engineering. Coling ’86:
11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to
29th, 1986,
(1986) Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt: A CAP parser generator for German. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine
Translation in
(1982)
H.L.Somers & R.L.Johnson: Bede: a
microprocessor-based machine translation system. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1973) Martin Kay: Morphological analysis.
Computational and mathematical linguistics:
proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
Closely
related languages
(1988) Alevtina Bémová, Karel Oliva, & Jarmila
Panevová: Some problems of machine translation
between closely related languages. Coling
Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences,
Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.46-48. [PDF, 352KB]
(1987) Jan Hajič: RUSLAN – an MT system between closely related
languages. Third conference of the
European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 1-3 April 1987,
(1986) Tae Wan Kim, Jin Tae Lee, Chang Ho Park, &
Ki Sik Lee: Machine translation of the Ural-Altaic
as an agglutinative language - On the Korean to Japanese translation. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine
Translation in
Cognates
(1982) Zdeněk Kirschner: On a device in dictionary operations in
machine translation. Coling 82:
proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
Collocations
(1989) Ulrich Heid &
Sybille Raab: Collocations in multilingual
generation. Fourth conference of the
European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics:
Proceedings of the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester
Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 130-136. [PDF,
507KB]
(1963) Kenneth E.
Harper: A study of the combinatorial properties of Russian nouns. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the
Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics,
Commercial aspects see index of applications
Compositionality
(1989) Gertjan van Noord, Joke
Dorrepaal, Doug Arnold, Steven Krauwer, Louisa Sadler, & Louis des Tombe: An approach to sentence-level anaphora in machine
translation. Fourth conference of the European Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 299-307. [PDF, 780KB]
(1988) Doug Arnold, Steven Krauwer, Louis des Tombe, & Louisa
Sadler: ‘Relaxed’ compositionality in machine
translation. Second International
Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of
Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for
Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 21pp. [PDF, 105KB]
(1987) Lisette Appelo, Carel
Fellinger, & Jan Landsbergen: Subgrammars,
rule classes and control in the Rosetta translation system. Third conference
of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 1-3 April 1987,
(1986) D.J.Arnold, S.Krauwer, M.Rosner, L.des Tombe,
& G.B.Varile: The <C,A>,T
framework in Eurotra: a theoretically committed notation for MT.
(1986) Lisette Appelo: A
compositional approach to the translation of temporal expressions in the
Rosetta system. Coling ’86: 11th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th,
1986,
Compound
nouns see Nouns and noun phrases
Concordances
(1987) Poul Sřren Kjćrsgaard: REFTEX – a context-based translation aid. Third conference of the European Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 1-3 April 1987,
Conference reports [for conference proceedings see list of conferences]
(1989) Lynette
Hirshman: Overview of the DARPA Speech and
Natural Language workshop. Speech and Natural Language: proceedings
of a workshop held at
(1988) Petr Sgall: On some results of the conference. In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert
& Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in
machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1981) Veronica Lawson: Introduction. Practical experience of machine translation.
Proceedings of a conference,
(1977) Jacques Goetschalckx: Automatic translation. Report of
sessions 5 and 6 [at] Overcoming the
language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks,
Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European
Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1978); vol.2, pp.142-146. [PDF,
84KB]
(1977) J.C.Sager: Conclusions
and recommendations [at] Overcoming
the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and
Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the
European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1978); vol.2, pp.147-159.
[PDF, 131KB]
(1976) I.I.Oubine: Machine
translation: Moscow international seminar. American Journal of Computational
Linguistics, microfiche 51 (The
Finite String 13 (6) September 1976); pp.50-67. [PDF, 819KB]
(1976) S.R.Petrick: Summary
of FBIS Seminar on Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1972) André R. Gouin: Machine translation in Canada. [Report
of conference,
(1958) V.Yu.Rozentsveig: The work on machine translation in the Soviet Union, Fourth
International Congress of Slavicists reports, Sept. 1958, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 95-100 [PDF, 119KB]
(1954)
Erwin Reifler: The first conference on
mechanical translation, Mechanical
Translation 1 (2), August 1954; pp. 23-32 [PDF, 144KB]
(1954) A.C. Reynolds: The conference on mechanical translation held at M.I.T.,
June 17-20, 1952. Mechanical Translation
1(3), December 1954; pp. 47-55 [PDF, 97KB]
Conjunctions (see also Coordination)
(1984) Xiuming Huang: Dealing with conjunctions in a machine
translation environment. Coling84:
10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1983) Xiuming Huang: Dealing with conjunctions in a machine translation
environment. First conference of the
European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 1-2 September 1983,
Connectionism see Neural
networks
Controlled
languages see index of applications
Conversation see Dialogue
Coordination
(1988) Lee Ann Schwartz: Coordination:
some problems and solutions for the analysis of English with an ATN. Second International Conference on
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural
Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine
Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 12pp.. [PDF, 117KB]
Corpora
see Bilingual corpora
Corpus-based MT see Example-based
methods,
Correlational
grammar
(1969) Ernst von Glasersfeld: Semantics and the syntactic classification
of words. Coling 1969: International
Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969,
(1969) Pier Paolo Pisani: Organization and programming of the multistore
parser. Coling 1969: International
Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969,
(1967) Silvio Ceccato: Correlational analysis and
mechanical translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine
translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing
Company, 1967); pp.77-135.
(1961) Silvio Ceccato & Bruna Zonta: Human translation and translation by machine, 1.
1961 International Conference on Machine
Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the
conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th,
6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 222-246. [PDF, 76KB] [discussion]
(1961) E.von Glasersfeld, Sergei Perschke, & Elsa
Samet: Human translation and translation by
machine II. 1961 International
Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis:
proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.508-528. [PDF,
106KB] [discussion]
Cross-language
information retrieval see
index of applications
Cyrillic
coding and transliteration
(1963) John Lyons: Coding
the Russian alphabet for the purposes of mechanical translation. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963;
pp.43-46 [PDF, 149KB]
(1958) Anthony G.Oettinger: An input
device for the Harvard automatic dictionary, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 2-7 [PDF, 582KB]
(1957) B. Zacharov: A refinement in
coding the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, Mechanical
Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 76-78 [PDF, 122KB]
Definite
Clause Grammar
(1988) Marc Dymetman & Pierre Isabelle: Reversible logic grammars for machine translation.
Second International Conference on
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural
Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine
Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 16pp. [PDF, 201KB]
(1986) Xiuming Huang & Louise Guthrie: Parsing in parallel. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1985) Xiuming Huang: Machine
translation in the SDCG formalism. Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical
and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages,
Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp.
135-144. [PDF, 336KB]
(1984) Xiuming Huang: Dealing with conjunctions in a machine
translation environment. Coling84:
10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
Dependency
relations
(1989) John A.Bateman, Robert
T.Kasper, Jörg F.L.Schütz, & Eric H.Steiner: A
new view on the process of translation. Fourth
conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of
Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England; pp.
282-290. [PDF, 667KB]
(1989) Probal Dasgupta: A dependency syntax of Bangla. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis
in practice: dependency syntax for multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Henning Lobin: A dependency syntax of German. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis
in practice: dependency syntax for multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Dan Maxwell: English-Esperanto metataxis. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis
in practice: dependency syntax for multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Gábor
Prószeky, Ilona
Koutny, & Balázs Wacha: A dependency
syntax of Hungarian. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus
Schubert (eds.): Metataxis in practice: dependency syntax for
multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Victor Sadler: Working with analogical semantics:
disambiguation techniques in DLT.
(1989) Shigeru Sato: A dependency syntax of Japanese. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis
in practice: dependency syntax for multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Ingrid Schubert: A dependency syntax of Danish. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis
in practice: dependency syntax for multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Klaus Schubert:
Dependency syntax for
parsing and generation. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis in practice: dependency
syntax for multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Klaus Schubert: A dependency syntax of Esperanto. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis
in practice: dependency syntax for multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Klaus Schubert: The theory and practice of metataxis. In: Dan Maxwell
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(1989) Marek Świdziński: A dependency syntax of Polish. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis
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(1989) Dorine Tamis: Esperanto-French metataxis. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus
Schubert (eds.): Metataxis in practice: dependency syntax for
multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Kalevi Tarvainen: A dependency syntax of Finnish. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis
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(1988) Harri Jäppinen, Eero Lassila & Aarno
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(1988) Zdeněk Kirschner: Traditional means in machine translation. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
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1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
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(1988) Klaus Schubert: Implicitness as a guiding principle in machine
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(1987) Klaus Schubert: Metataxis:
contrastive dependency syntax for machine translation.
(1987) Petr Sgall &
Jarmila Panevová: Machine translation,
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(1986) Karl-Heinz Freigang: Research on machine translation at the
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(1986) Peter Hellwig: Programs
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H.Jäppinen, A.Lehtola, & K.Vaikonen: Functional
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(1985) Kazunori Muraki, Shunji
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(1980) Fujio Nishida, Shinobu Takamatsu, & Hiroaki
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(1977) H.D.Maas: The
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(1967) Kenneth E.Harper: Syntactic and semantic problems in automatic
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(1965) Sheldon Klein: Automatic paraphrasing in essay format. Mechanical Translation and Computational
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(1965) D.Varga: Syntactic
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(1964) David G. Hays: Connectability
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(1963) Sheldon Klein & Robert F. Simmons:
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(1963) Sheldon
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(1961) H.P.Edmundson, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, &
B.J.Scott: Studies in machine translation—8:
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(1961) K.E.Harper: Procedures
for the determination of distributional classes. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and
Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th
September; pp.688-698. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]
(1961) David G. Hays: On
the value of dependency connection. 1961
International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied
Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National
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Dialogue
(1989)
Masako Kume,
Gayle K.Sato, & Kei Yoshimoto: A descriptive
framework for translating speaker’s meaning – towards a dialogue translation
systems between Japanese and English.
Fourth conference of the
European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science
and Technology,
(1989) Akira Kurematsu: Research on
automatic telephone interpretation. MT
Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [
(1989) Rémi Zajac: A transfer model using a typed feature structure
rewriting system with inheritance. 27th
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(1988) Kiyoshi Kogure, Hitoshi Iida, Kei Yoshimoto, Hiroyuki Maeda,
Masako Kume, & Susumu Kato: A method of
analyzing Japanese speech act types. Second
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(1988) Seiji Miike, Koichi Hasebe, Harold Somers,
& Shin-ya Amano: Experiences with an on-line
translating dialogue system. 26th Annual
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the conference, 7-10 June 1988, State University of New York at
(1988) Izuru Nogaito & Hitoshi Iida: Noun
phrase identification in dialogue and its application. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological
Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988,
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(1988) Jun-ichi Tsujii & Makoto Nagao: Dialogue translation vs. text translation –
interpretation based approach. Coling Budapest:
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(1985) Yorick Wilks: Relevance,
points of view and dialogue modelling.
Proceedings of the Conference on
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Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985
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(1963) Joseph
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Dictionaries
see Lexical resources
Direct translation approach
(1988) Klaus Schubert: The architecture of DLT - interlingual or double
direct? In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1973) T.D.Crawford: A review of the Cardiff machine translation
project. Computational and mathematical
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(1967) J.McDaniel, W.L.Price, A.J.M.Szanser, &
D.M.Yates: An evaluation of the usefulness
of machine translations produced at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, with a summary of the translation methods. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement
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(1967) J.McDaniel, A.M.Day, W.L.Price, A.J.Szanser,
S.Whelan, & D.M.Yates: Machine translation at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington,
Disambiguation (see also Word sense disambiguation)
(1989) Hiroaki Kitano, Hideto
Tomabechi, & Lori Levin: Ambiguity
resolution in the DmTrans Plus.
Fourth conference of the European Chapter of
the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
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(1989) Victor Sadler: Working with analogical semantics:
disambiguation techniques in DLT.
(1988) Danit Ben-Ari, Daniel M.Berry, & Mori Rimon: Translational ambiguity rephrased. Second International Conference on
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(1988) Izuru Nogaito & Hitoshi Iida: Noun
phrase identification in dialogue and its application. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological
Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988,
Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, [USA]; 11pp. [PDF, 138KB]
(1988) Keh-Yih Su & Jing-Shin Chang: Semantic and syntactic aspects of score function.
Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
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1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.642-644. [PDF, 350KB]
(1988) Mary McGee Wood & Brian J.Chandler: Machine translation for monolinguals. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
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1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
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(1988) Rémi Zajac: Interactive
translation: a new approach. Coling Budapest:
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1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
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(1987) Steven L. Lytinen: Integrating syntax and
semantics. In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and
methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); pp.302-316.
(1986) Károly Fábricz: Particle homonymy and machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) B.C.Papegaaij, V.Sadler, & A.P.M.Witkam: Experiments with an MT-directed lexical
knowledge bank. Coling ’86: 11th
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1986,
(1986) Zaharin Yusoff: Strategies and heuristics in the analysis of a
natural language in machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1985) Steven L. Lytinen: Integrating syntax and semantics. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
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August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 167-178. [PDF, 176KB]
(1984) Vladimir Pericliev: Handling syntactical ambiguity in machine
translation. Coling84: 10th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting
of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Masaru Tomita: Disambiguating grammatically ambiguous
sentences by asking. Coling84: 10th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting
of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1982) Klaus-Jürgen Engelberg: Proposals for a hierarchy of formal
translation models. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1977) P.P.Toma: SYSTRAN
as a multilingual machine translation system. Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information
Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission
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(1977) J. Weissenborn: The role and form of analysis in machine
translation: the automatic analysis of French at Saarbrücken. Overcoming the language barrier: third
European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May
1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München: Verlag
Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.593-611. [PDF, 147KB]
(1973) Morris Salkoff: On using semantic data in automatic syntactic
analysis. Computational and
mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1973) Annette Stachowitz: Beyond the feasibility study: lexicographic
progress. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the
International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1973) Rolf A. Stachowitz: Beyond the feasibility study: syntax and
semantics. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the
International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1969) István Bátori: Disambiguating
verbs with multiple meaning in the MT-system of IBM Germany. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969,
(1965) Swaminathan Madhu & Dean W.Lytle: A figure of merit technique for the resolution of
non-grammatical ambiguity. Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965;
pp.9-13 [PDF, 167KB]
(1961) M.Corbé & R.Tabory: Introduction to an automatic English syntax (by
fragmentation). 1961 International
Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis:
proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.616-652. [PDF,
138KB] [discussion]
(1961) Y.Lecerf: Intrinsic
machine addressing in automatic translation. 1961 International
Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis:
proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.284-312. [PDF,
132KB] [discussion]
(1961) Irina Lynch: Russian
–СЯ verbs, impersonally used verbs and subject/object ambiguities.
1961 International Conference on Machine
Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the
conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th,
6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.478-502. [PDF, 200KB] [discussion]
(1960/1964) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: A
demonstration of the nonfeasibility of fully automatic high quality translation.
Reprinted in: Y.Bar-Hillel, Language and
information (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1964), 174-179.[PDF, 89KB]
(1957) Roderick Gould: Multiple
correspondence, Mechanical
Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 14-27 and 43 [PDF, 218KB]
(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Semantic
ambiguity, Mechanical Translation
4 (3), December 1957; pp. 68-69 [PDF, 93KB]
(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Contextual analysis,
Mechanical Translation 4 (3),
December 1957; pp. 70-75 [PDF, 159KB]
(1957) M.M.Masterman: The thesaurus in
syntax and semantics, Mechanical
Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 35-43 [PDF, 156KB]
(1957) Paul Pimsleur: Semantic frequency
counts, Mechanical Translation 4
(1-2), November 1957; pp. 11-13 [PDF, 111KB]
(1956) Kenneth E. Harper: Contextual
analysis in word-for-word MT. Mechanical
Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 40-41 [PDF, 77KB]
(1956) A. Koutsoudas & R. Korfhage: Mechanical translation and the problem of
multiple meaning. Mechanical
Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 46-51 [PDF, 225KB]
(1950/1955) Abraham Kaplan: An
experimental study of ambiguity and context, [Originally November 1950]. Mechanical Translation 2 (2), November
1955; pp. 39-46 [PDF, 164KB]
Discontiguous
relations
(1988) Ch.Boitet & Y.Zaharin: Representation trees and string-tree
correspondences. Coling Budapest:
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1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.1, pp.59-64. [PDF, 240KB]
Discourse
representation
(1989) Shun Ishizaki: Machine translation using contextual
information. In:
Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation
summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), p. 25 [PDF, 82KB] [Rewritten version of paper
given at MT Summit: Machine Translation
Summit,
(1989) Muriel Vasconcellos: Cohesion and coherence in the presentation of
machine translation products.
(1989) Hiroaki Kitano, Hideto
Tomabechi, & Lori Levin: Ambiguity
resolution in the DmTrans Plus.
Fourth conference of the European Chapter of
the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 72-79. [PDF, 739KB]
(1988) Christa Hauenschild: Discourse structure - some implications for machine translation. In: Dan
Maxwell, Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New
directions in machine translation. Conference
proceedings,
(1988) Bart Papegaaij & Klaus Schubert:
Text coherence in translation.
(1988) Erich H.Steiner & Jutta Winter-Thielen: On the semantics of focus phenomena in Eurotra.
Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.630-635. [PDF, 466KB]
(1988) Jun-ichi Tsujii: What is a cross-linguistically valid interpretation of
discourse? In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert
& Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in
machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1987) James Pustejovsky: An integrated theory of
discourse analysis. In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine
translation: theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1987); pp.168-191.
(1986) Annely Rothkegel: Pragmatics in machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) Allen B.Tucker, Sergei Nirenburg, & Victor
Raskin: Discourse and cohesion in expository
text. Coling ’86: 11th International
Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1985) David D. McDonald: Recovering the speaker’s decisions during
mechanical translation. Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical
and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages,
Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp.
183-199. [PDF, 173KB]
(1985) James Pustejovsky: The level hypothesis in discourse analysis. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 245-267. [PDF, 213KB]
(1985) Yorick Wilks: Relevance,
points of view and dialogue modelling.
Proceedings of the Conference on
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural
Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985
[TMI-1985]; pp. 370-387. [PDF, 198KB]
(1982) Christa Hauenschild: A pragmatic concept of theme and rheme for
machine translation. Coling
82 [Ninth International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1982) N.N.Leont’eva: Automatic translation through understanding and
summarizing. Coling
82 [Ninth International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1980) Z.M.Shalyapina: Problems of formal representation of text
structure from the point of view of automatic translation. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4,
1980,
(1976) Roger C. Schank: Programs to understand stories
[abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on Machine
Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1975) Wallace L. Chafe: Verbalization and translation by machine. American Journal of Computational
Linguistics, microfiche 10; 95pp. [PDF, 3964KB]
(1975) Martin Kay: Syntactic processing and functional sentence
perspective. Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing: an
interdisciplinary workshop… 10-13 June 1975,
(1961) Margaret Masterman: Semantic message detection for machine
translation, using an interlingua. 1961 International
Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis:
proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.438-474. [PDF,
109KB] [discussion]
Dissertations see Theses and
dissertations
Distributional
analysis
(1961) Paul L. Garvin: Automatic
linguistic analysis – a heuristic problem. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and
Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th
September; pp.656-669. [PDF, 44KB] [discussion]
(1961) K.E.Harper: Procedures
for the determination of distributional classes. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and
Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th
September; pp.688-698. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]
(1957) Richard B.Thomas: The
use of SEAC in syntactic analysis. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics
and Language Studies. “Research in machine
translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.:
Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.151-161. [PDF, 169KB]
(1954) Anthony G. Oettinger: The
distribution of word length in technical Russian, Mechanical Translation 1 (3), December 1954; pp. 38-40 [PDF, 111KB]
(1952) William E. Bull: Problems of
vocabulary frequency and distribution. Presented at the
Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. [PDF, 82KB]
Domain
identification
(1985) Donald E. Walker: Knowledge
resource tools for accessing large text files. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 335-347. [PDF, 258KB]
Domain
restriction and specification
(1988) Zdeněk Kirschner: Traditional means in machine translation. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.1, pp.328-331. [PDF, 333KB]
(1987) Magnar Brekke & Roald Skarsten: Machine translation: a threat or a promise? Translating and the Computer 9: potential
and practice, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a
conference… 12-13 November 1987, CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point,
(1987) F. Knowles, G. Jelinek & M. McGee
Wood: The Alvey Japanese and English machine
translation project. MT
(1987) Rika Yoshii: JETR: a robust machine translation system. 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 6-9 July 1987,
(1986) E.Luctkens & Ph.Ferment: A prototype machine translation based on
extracts from data processing manuals. Coling
’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August
25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) Masaru Tomita & Jaime G.Carbonell: Another stride towards knowledge-based machine
translation. Coling ’86: 11th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th,
1986,
(1986) Tajiro Tsutsumi: A prototype English-Japanese machine
translation system for translating IBM computer manuals. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1985) Pierre Isabelle & Laurent Bourbeau: TAUM-AVIATION: its technical features and some
experimental results. Computational Linguistics 11 (1), pp.
18-27 [PDF, 976KB] [Reprinted
in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation
systems.
(1978) Shiu-Chang Loh & Luan Kong: An interactive on-line machine translation system
(Chinese into English). Translating and the Computer: proceedings of a seminar,
(1977) S.C.Loh & L.Kong: Computer
translation of Chinese scientific journals.
Overcoming the language barrier:
third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg,
3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München:
Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.631-645 . [PDF, 155KB]
(1976) Shiu-Chang Loh: CULT,
Chinese University Language Translator [abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on
Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1965) Swaminathan Madhu & Dean W.Lytle: A figure of merit technique for the resolution of
non-grammatical ambiguity. Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965;
pp.9-13 [PDF, 167KB]
(1952) Victor A. Oswald: Microsemantics.
Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June
1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 95KB]
Economics of MT see index of applications
Emphasis
and stress
(1981) Margaret Masterman: The limits of innovation in machine translation.
Practical experience of
machine translation. Proceedings of a conference,
Evaluation
measures and metrics [see
also Test corpora]
(1989) Veronica Lawson: Practice
makes less imperfect: users’ needs and their influence on machine translation
development.
(1989) Rita McCardell: [review of]
Machine translation: linguistic characteristics of MT systems and general
methodology of evaluation [by] John Lehrberger and Laurent Bourbeau (John
Benjamins Publishing Co., 1988). Computational Linguistics 15 (3), pp.
194-195 [PDF, 253KB]
(1989) National Research Council: Report of a symposium on Japanese to English machine
translation, held at the National Academy of Sciences in
(1981) J.C.Sager: Types
of translation and text forms in the environment of machine translation (MT).
Practical experience of
machine translation. Proceedings of a conference,
(1979) Georges van Slype: Critical study of
methods for evaluating the quality of machine translation. Final report.
(1977) A.J. Petit: Objective
evaluation criteria for machine translation. Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information
Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission
of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1,
pp.557-567. [PDF, 108KB]
(1966) John B. Carroll: An experiment in evaluating the quality of
translations. Mechanical Translation
and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December
1966; pp.55-66 [PDF, 264KB]
(1966) John B.Carroll: An experiment in
evaluating the quality of translations. Appendix 10 in: Language and machines: computers in
translation and linguistics. A report by the Automatic Language Processing
Advisory Committee, Division of Behavioral Sciences, National Academy of
Sciences, National Research Council. (Washington, D.C.:
National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council, 1966); pp.67-75.
[PDF, 144KB]
(1965) Sheila M. Pfafflin: Evaluation of machine translation by reading
comprehension tests and subjective judgments. Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965;
pp.2-8 [PDF, 179KB]
(1956) George A.Miller & J.G.Beebe-Center: Some psychological methods for evaluating the quality
of translations. Mechanical
Translation 3 (3), December 1956; pp. 73-80 [PDF, 151KB]
Evaluations of systems [see also User experiences in index of applications]
(1988) Alan K. Melby: Lexical
transfer: between a source rock and a hard target. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.411-413. [PDF, 271KB]
(1985) Jonathan Slocum,
Winfield S. Bennett, Lesley Whiffin, & Edda Norcross: An evaluation of METAL: the LRC machine translation
system. Second
conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 27-29 March 1985,
(1979) Georges Van Slype: Systran: evaluation of the 1978 version of
the Systran English-French automatic system of the Commission of the European
Communities. The Incorporated Linguist, vol.18, no.3, Summer 1979, pp.86-89. [PDF, 106KB]
(1978) Peter J. Arthern: Machine translation and computerized terminology
systems: a translator’s viewpoint. Translating and the Computer: proceedings of a seminar,
(1978) F. Knowles: Error
analysis of Systran output – a suggested criterion for the ‘internal’
evaluation of translation quality and a possible corrective for system design.
Translating and the
Computer: proceedings of a seminar,
(1977) Jacques Chaumier: Assessment of SYSTRAN. Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information
Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission
of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1978); vol.2,
pp.74-82. [PDF, 135KB]
(1967) Bozena Henisz-Dostert: Experimental
machine translation. In: William M.Austin (ed) Papers in linguistics in honor of Léon
Dostert (
(1967) J.McDaniel, W.L.Price, A.J.M.Szanser, &
D.M.Yates: An evaluation of the usefulness
of machine translations produced at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, with a summary of the translation methods. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement
Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 18pp. [PDF, 752KB]
(1967) David B. Orr & Victor H. Small: Comprehensibility of machine-aided translations of
Russian scientific documents. Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and
June 1967; pp.1-10 [PDF, 191KB]
(1966) John B. Carroll: An experiment in evaluating the quality of
translations. Mechanical Translation
and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December
1966; pp.55-66 [PDF, 264KB]
Example-based
MT
(1984) Makoto Nagao: A framework of a
mechanical translation between Japanese and English by analogy principle, Artificial and human intelligence: edited
review papers presented at the international NATO Symposium, October 1981,
Expert
systems see Artificial Intelligence and MT
FAHQT
(Fully automatic high quality translation)
(1968) A. Ljudskanov: Is
the generally accepted strategy of machine-translation research optimal? Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2,
March and June 1968; pp. 14-21 [PDF, 222KB]
(1960/1964) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: A
demonstration of the nonfeasibility of fully automatic high quality translation.
Reprinted in: Y.Bar-Hillel, Language and
information (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1964), 174-179.[PDF, 89KB]
Failures and limitations (see also Unknown words)
(1987) Eva Hajičova &
Zdeněk Kirschner: Fail-soft (“emergency”)
measures in a production-oriented MT system. Third conference
of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 1-3 April 1987,
(1987) Ralph M. Weischedel & Lance A. Ramshaw:
Reflections on the knowledge needed to process ill-formed language. In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and
methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987);
pp.155-167
(1986) Martin Kay: Machine translation will not work. [Contribution
to] Forum on machine translation, 24th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 10-13 June 1986,
(1985) Ralph M. Weischedel: Reflections on the knowledge needed to process
ill-formed language. Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues
in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 348-358. [PDF, 187KB]
(1983) Merle D.Tenney: Machine
translation, machine-aided translation, and machine-impeded translation. Tools
for the Trade: Translating and the Computer 5. Proceedings
of a conference… 10-11 November 1983, London Press Centre, ed. Veronica Lawson.
(London: Aslib, 1985); pp.105-113 [PDF, 38KB]
(1981) Roy Green: The
MT errors which cause most trouble to posteditors. Practical experience of machine translation.
Proceedings of a conference,
(1981) Bernard Lavorel: Experience in English-French post-editing. Practical experience of
machine translation. Proceedings of a conference,
(1981) Margaret Masterman: The limits of innovation in machine translation.
Practical experience of
machine translation. Proceedings of a conference,
(1980) Martin Kay: The proper place of men and
machines in language translation.
(1960) D.Yu.Panov : Automatic translation. Translated
from the Russian by R.Kisch, edited by A.J.Mitchell.
Finite-state
methods (see also Statistical analysis)
(1987) Peter Lau &
Sergei Perschke: Morphology in the Eurotra base
level concept. Third conference of
the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics:
Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 April 1987,
(1975) J. Chauche: The
ATEF and CETA systems. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 17; pp.
21-40. [PDF, 3453KB]
(1966) P.H.Matthews: A procedure for morphological encoding. Mechanical Translation and Computational
Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.15-21 [PDF, 210KB]
(1961) W. Smoke & E. Dubinsky: A program for the machine translation of natural
languages. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November
1961; pp.2-10. [PDF, 233KB]
Formalisms
see Grammar formalisms
Fulcrum
approach
(1969) István Bátori: Disambiguating
verbs with multiple meaning in the MT-system of IBM Germany. Coling 1969: International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969,
(1967) Paul L.Garvin: The
fulcrum syntactic analyzer for Russian. Coling
1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France,
August 1967; 10pp. [PDF,
421KB]
Functional
unification grammar see Unification
grammar
Future
prospects and predictions (see
also Proposed systems)
(1989) Yukio Honda: Expectations
for machine translation. In: Makoto
Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit
(Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. ix-x. [PDF, 78KB]
(1989) Eduard H.
Hovy: New possibilities in machine translation. Speech
and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at
(1989) M. Kay: Machines
and people in translation. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine
translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 26-27. [PDF, 86KB]
(1989) M. Kay: Concluding
remarks 2 [at Machine Translation
Summit, 1987]. In: Makoto
Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit
(Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 192-196 [PDF, 105KB]
(1989) Margaret King: New directions in MT systems: a change in paradigm.MT
(1989) Winfred P. Lehmann: Machine translation: achievements, problems,
promise.
(1989) Makoto Nagao: Japanese
view of the future of machine translation. MT
(1989) Makoto Nagao, Hozumi Tanaka, Akira Kubota,
Kazuhiro Fuchi, & Akira Kikuchi: Review on
Machine Translation Summit (post-Summit discussion) – May 9, 1988. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo:
Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 201-209 [PDF, 127KB]
(1989) National Research Council: Report of a symposium on Japanese to English machine
translation, held at the National Academy of Sciences in
(1989) Christian Rohrer: New directions in MT systems. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich,
Germany [
(1989) Loll Rolling: Concluding
remarks 1 [at Machine Translation
Summit, 1987]. In: Makoto
Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit
(Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 187-191 [PDF, 121KB]
(1989) Henry Thompson: Speech recognition, artificial intelligence and
translation: how rosy a future? Translating
and the Computer 11: Preparing for the next decade, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 16-17 November 1989, The Conference
Forum, The Sedgwick Centre,
(1988) Francis
E.Knowles: Machine aids for translators: what
does the future betoken? Translating
and the Computer 10:The translation environment 10
years on, ed. Pamela Mayorcas. Proceedings of a
conference… 10-11 November 1988, CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point,
(1988) Juan Sager: Ten
years of machine translation design and application: from FAHQT to realism. Translating and the Computer 10:The translation environment 10 years on, ed. Pamela
Mayorcas. Proceedings of a conference… 10-11 November 1988,
CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point,
(1988) Tibor Vámos: Language and the computer society. In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert
& Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in
machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1987)
(1987)
(1987) Kazuhiro Fuchi: The FGCS project and machine translation systems. MT
(1987) W. John Hutchins: Prospects in machine translation. MT
(1987) Makoto Nagao: Present and future of machine translation systems: an
introduction to the MT Summit. MT
(1987) Peter Toma: The
elimination of obstacles to machine translation’s technical prospects. MT
(1986) Martin Kay: Machine translation will not work. [Contribution
to] Forum on machine translation, 24th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 10-13 June 1986,
(1986) Jun-ichi Tsujii: Future directions of machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) John S. White: What should machine translation be? [Contribution to] Forum on machine
translation, 24th Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 10-13 June 1986,
(1985) Jonathan Slocum: A survey of machine translation: its history, current
status, and future prospects. Computational Linguistics 11 (1), pp. 1-17
[PDF, 2069KB] [Reprinted
in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation
systems.
(1984) Margaret King: When is the next ALPAC report due? Coling84: 10th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for
Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Jonathan Slocum: Machine translation: its history, current
status, and future prospects. Coling84:
10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1983) P.A.Walker: A
Commission of the European Communities user looks at machine translation. Tools for the Trade: Translating and the
Computer 5. Proceedings of a conference… 10-11 November 1983,
London Press Centre, ed. Veronica Lawson. (London: Aslib, 1985);
pp.145-163 [PDF, 105KB]
(1982) David G.Hays: 2002:
another score. 20th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 16-18 June 1982,
(1982) Aravind K. Joshi: Twenty
years of reflections. 20th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 16-18 June 1982,
(1982) Martin Kay (chairman): [report of panel on] Machine translation. American Journal of Computational
Linguistics 8 (2), pp. 74-78 [PDF, 501KB]
(1981) Nigel Bevan: Psychological
and ergonomic factors in machine translation. Practical experience of machine translation.
Proceedings of a conference,
(1981) Veronica
Lawson: Machine translation and people. Practical experience of
machine translation. Proceedings of a conference,
(1981) Yorick Wilks: Concluding
remarks. Practical
experience of machine translation. Proceedings of
a conference,
(1980) Ch.Boitet, P.Chatelin, & P.Daun Fraga: Present and future paradigms in the automatized
translation of natural languages. Coling
80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980,
(1980) Gary G. Hendrix: Future
prospects for computational linguistics. 18th
Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 19-22 June 1980,
(1980) Martin Kay: The
proper place of men and machines in language translation.
(1978) Peter J. Arthern: Machine translation and computerized terminology
systems: a translator’s viewpoint. Translating and the Computer: proceedings of a seminar,
(1978) Juan C. Sager: Multilingual
communication: chairman’s introductory review of translating and the computer.
Translating and the
Computer: proceedings of a seminar,
(1977) Jacques Goetschalckx: Automatic translation. Report of
sessions 5 and 6 [at] Overcoming the
language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks,
Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European
Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1978); vol.2, pp.142-146. [PDF,
84KB]
(1976) David G. Hays: Machine
(aided) translation: generalities and guide to action. In: FBIS Seminar on
Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1976) Jim Mathias: Summary
notes[for] FBIS Seminar on Machine Translation,
8-9 March 1976,
(1976) Rudolph C. Troike: The future of MT. American Journal of Computational
Linguistics, microfiche 51 (The
Finite String 13 (6) September 1976); pp.47-49. [PDF, 105KB]
(1957) Léon Dostert: Practical
objectives of machine translation research.
Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on
Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in
machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown
University Press, 1957); pp.181-186 [PDF, 76KB]
(1952) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Mechanical
translation: needs and possibilities Presented at the
Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. [PDF, 77KB]
General methodology (see also Theoretical aspects)
(1989) M. Kay: Concluding
remarks 2 [at Machine Translation
Summit, 1987]. In: Makoto
Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit
(Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 192-196 [PDF, 105KB]
(1989) Makoto Nagao: Concluding
remarks 3 [at Machine Translation
Summit, 1987]. In: Makoto
Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit
(Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 197-200 [PDF, 100KB]
(1988) Christian Boitet: Bernard Vauqois'
contribution to the theory and practice of building MT systems: a historical
perspective. Second International
Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of
Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for
Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 18pp. (including
bibliography) [PDF, 256KB]
(1988) P.C.Rolf: Machine
translation: the languages network (versus the intermediate language). Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.544-548. [PDF, 440KB]
(1985) Jaime G. Carbonell & Masaru Tomita: New approaches to machine translation. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 59-74. [PDF, 287KB]
(1982) Klaus-Jürgen Engelberg: Proposals for a hierarchy of formal
translation models. Coling
82 [Ninth International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1980) Ch.Boitet, P.Chatelin, & P.Daun Fraga: Present and future paradigms in the automatized
translation of natural languages. Coling
80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980,
(1980) Martin Kay: The proper place of men and
machines in language translation.
(1978) Margaret Masterman: The essential skills to be acquired for machine
translation. Translating
and the Computer: proceedings of a seminar,
(1977) Bernard E. Scott: Linguistic and computational motivations for the Logos
machine translation system – an overview. Mt Arlington: Logos Corporation,
1977 rev. 1998. 40pp. Repr in: IAI
Working Paper no.36, 2000. [PDF, 181KB]
(1976) David G. Hays: Machine
(aided) translation: generalities and guide to action. In: FBIS Seminar on
Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1976) Martin Kay: Foundations
of machine translation: operations [abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on Machine
Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1976) Sally Yeates Sedelow: Summary remarks for machine translation conference.
In: FBIS Seminar on Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1976) B.Vauquois: Automatic
translation – a survey of different approaches. [Presented
at Coling 1976,
(1975) Svatava Machová: Optimal
linking of independent analysis and synthesis. In: Summaries of
contributions [to] First National Conference on the Application of Mathematical
Models and Computers in Linguistics, 3-9 May 1975,
(1968) A. Ljudskanov: Is
the generally accepted strategy of machine-translation research optimal? Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2,
March and June 1968; pp. 14-21 [PDF, 222KB]
(1966) Paul L. Garvin: Some
comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages.
Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1,
March 1966; pp.2-3 [PDF, 106KB]
(1965) Karel Čulík: Machine translation and connectedness between
phrases. Coling 1965: International Conference
on Computational
(1963) I.A.Mel’chuk: Machine translation and linguistics.
Chapter IV in: O.S.Akhmanova, I.A.Mel’chuk, R.M.Frumkina, E.V.Paducheva, Exact methods in linguistic research.
Translated from the Russian by David G.Hays and Dolores V.Mohr (Berkeley and
Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963); pp.44-79 [PDF, 204KB]
(1961) Paul L. Garvin: Automatic
linguistic analysis – a heuristic problem. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and
Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th
September; pp.656-669. [PDF, 44KB] [discussion]
(1961) Erwin Reifler: The
machine translation project at the University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington: outline of the project. Mechanical Translation,
vol. 6, November 1961; pp.25-32. [PDF, 189KB]
(1961) Erwin Reifler: Machine translation. Bulletin Medical Library Association,
vol.50, no.3, 1961; p.473-480. [PDF, 845KB]
(1958) H.P.Edmundson & D.G.Hays: Research
methodology for machine translation, Mechanical
Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 8-15 [PDF, 147KB]
(1957) Panel II:
Lexical problems in machine translation – discussion [by Victor Oswald,
Gilbert King, Leon Dostert, Jack Rabinow, Paul Garvin, Simon Newman, Clyde
Heasly, W.P.Lehmann, Jesse Mann, William Austin]. Report
of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies.
“Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert.
(Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957);
pp.112-122. [PDF, 58KB]
(1956) J.R.Firth: Linguistic analysis
and translation [Abstract], Mechanical
Translation 3 (1), July 1956; p. 3 [PDF, 222KB]
(1952) Olaf Helmer: The structure of the
problem of mechanical translation. Presented at the
Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. (One page abstract) [PDF, 42KB]
(1952) James W. Perry: Machine techniques
for index searching and for machine translation. Presented
at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. [PDF, 68KB]
(1952) Erwin Reifler: General
mechanical translation and universal grammar. Presented
at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. (Studies on Mechanical Translation, no.4) [PDF, 69KB]
(1949) Warren Weaver: Translation.
Typescript, July 1949. [Reprinted in: Locke, William N. & Booth, A.Donald
(eds.) Machine translation of languages:
fourteen essays. (Cambridge, Mass.: Technology Press of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1955), pp.15-23.]
Generalised
Phrase Structure Grammar
(1988) Juan A. Alonso: A model for transfer control in the METAL
MT-system. Coling Budapest:
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest,
Hungary; vol.1, pp.19-24. [PDF, 383KB]
(1988) Bengt Sigurd: Translating to and from Swedish by SWETRA – a multilanguage
translation system. In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1986) Hee Sung Chung & Tosiyasu L. Kunji: NARA: a two-way simultaneous interpretation system
between Korean and Japanese – a methodological study. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) P.J.Whitelock, M.McGee Wood, B.J.Chandler, N.Holden & H.J.Horsfall: Strategies for interactive machine
translation: the experience and implications of the UMIST Japanese project.
Coling ’86: 11th International Conference
on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
Generation
(1989) Ulrich Heid &
Sybille Raab: Collocations in multilingual
generation. Fourth conference of the
European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics:
Proceedings of the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester
Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 130-136. [PDF,
507KB]
(1989) Eduard H.
Hovy: The current status of the Penman language
generation system. Speech and Natural Language: proceedings
of a workshop held at
(1989) William C.
Mann & Eduard H. Hovy: The Penman language
generation project. Speech and Natural Language: proceedings
of a workshop held at
(1989) Klaus Schubert:
Dependency syntax for
parsing and generation. In: Dan Maxwell & Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis in practice: dependency
syntax for multilingual machine translation.
(1988) Richard Kittredge, Lidija Iordanskaja, & Alain Polgučre: Multi-lingual text generation and the
Meaning-Text Theory. Second
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Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon
University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA];
12pp. [PDF, 196KB]
(1988) Sergei Nirenburg & Irene Nirenburg: A framework for lexical selection in natural
language generation. Coling Budapest:
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1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.471-475. [PDF, 445KB]
(1988) Sergei Nirenburg, Rita McCardell, Eric
Nyberg, Scott Huffman, Edward Kernschaft, & Irene Nirenburg: Lexical realization in natural language
generation. Second International
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Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for
Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 16pp. [PDF, 278KB]
(1988) Miyo Otani & Nathalie Simonin: Functional
descriptions as a formalism for linguistic knowledge representation in a
generation oriented approach. Second
International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon
University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA];
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(1988) Dietmar Rösner: The
SEMSYN generation system: ingredients, applications, prospects. Second conference on Applied Natural
Language Processing [of] Association for Computational
Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 9-12 February 1988,
Austin-Marriott at the Capitol,
(1987) David D. McDonald: Natural language generation:
complexities and techniques. In: Sergei
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theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University
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(1987) James Pustejovsky & Sergei Nirenburg: Lexical selection in the process of language
generation. 25th Annual Meeting of the
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(1986) Poul Andersen: Presentation
of EUROTRA-DK’s ECS component. International
Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in
(1986) Martin Emele, Walter Kehl, & Dietmar
Rösner: Generating natural language from semantic
representations – an AI approach to a Japanese/German machine translation
project.. International
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(1986) K.Hanakata, A.Lesniewski, & S.Yokoyama: Semantic based generation of Japanese German
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(1985) David D. McDonald: Recovering the speaker’s decisions during
mechanical translation. Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical
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(1985) Makoto Nagao: Structural
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(1984) J.Laubsch, D.Roesner, K.Hanakata, &
A.Lesniewski: Language generation from
conceptual structure: synthesis of German in a Japanese/German MT project. Coling84: 10th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for
Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Makoto Nagao, Toyoaki Nishida & Jun-ichi
Tsujii: Dealing with incompleteness of
linguistic knowledge in language translation – transfer and generation stage of
Mu machine translation project. Coling84:
10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual
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(1975) Wallace L. Chafe: Verbalization and translation by machine. American Journal of Computational
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(1973) Yorick Wilks & Annette Herskovits: An intelligent analyser and generator for natural
language. Computational and
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(1969) G.Salton: Automatic
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1-4 September 1969,
(1968) P.W.Culicover: Paraphrase generation and information retrieval
from stored text. Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September
and December 1968; pp. 78-88 [PDF, 225KB]
(1967) Kenneth E.Harper: Syntactic and semantic problems in automatic
sentence generation. Coling 1967: Conference
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475KB]
(1966) Jocelyn Brewer: English article insertion. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3
and 4, September and December 1966; pp.83-96 [PDF, 263KB]
(1965) Sheldon Klein: Automatic paraphrasing in essay format. Mechanical Translation and Computational
Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.68-83 [PDF,
301KB]
(1965) Toshiyuki Sakai & Makoto Nagao: Sentence generation by semantic concordance. Coling 1965: International Conference on
Computational
(1965) Petr Sgall: Generation,
production, and translation. Coling 1965: International Conference on
Computational
(1964) Ben K.T’sou: Sample sentences generated by
computer [paper with discussion]. In: Meeting
on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.18-30.
(1963) H.P.
Edmundson: The behavior of English articles. In: Abstracts
of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine
Translation and Computational Linguistics,
(1963) Sheldon Klein & Robert F. Simmons:
Syntactic dependence and the computer generation of
coherent discourse. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2,
August 1963; pp.50-61 [PDF, 248KB]
(1963) Arnold C. Satterthwait: Computational research in Arabic. Mechanical
Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.62-70 [PDF, 224KB]
(1963) Victor H.
Yngve: On the order of clauses. In: Abstracts of
papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation
and Computational Linguistics,
(1961) Victor H. Yngve: Random
generation of English sentences. 1961
International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied
Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September;
pp.66-80. [PDF, 146KB] [discussion]
Government
Binding theory see Principles and parameters
Grammar formalisms see also: Case grammar, Context-free grammar, Definite Clause Grammar, Fulcrum
approach, Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar, Head-driven Phrase Structure
Grammar,Left Associative Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Meaning-text model,
Montague grammar, Principles and
parameters, Situation theory, Stratificational grammar, Systemic Functional
Grammar, Transformational-generative grammar, Tree Adjoining Grammar,
Unification grammar
(1989) Job M. van Zuijlen: Aspects of metataxis formalization. In: Dan Maxwell
& Klaus Schubert (eds.): Metataxis in practice: dependency syntax for
multilingual machine translation.
(1989) Zaharin Yusoff: On formalisms and analysis, generation and
synthesis in machine translation. Fourth conference of the European Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 319-326. [PDF, 587KB]
(1988) Annelise Bech & Anders Nygaard: The E-framework: a formalism
for natural language processing. Coling Budapest:
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.1, pp.36-39. [PDF, 345KB]
(1988) Megumi Kameyama: Atomization
in grammar sharing. 26th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 7-10 June 1988, State University of New York at
(1988) Bente Maegaard: Designing and testing linguistic development
phases in a machine translation project. Coling
Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences,
Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.387-389. [PDF, 306KB]
(1988) Gábor Prószeky: Hungarian – a special challenge to machine translation? In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1988) Bengt Sigurd: Translating to and from Swedish by SWETRA – a multilanguage
translation system. In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1988) Giovanni B. Varile & Peter Lau: Eurotra: practical experience with a multilingual
machine translation system under development. Second
conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of]
Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference,
9-12 February 1988, Austin-Marriott at the Capitol,
(1987) Doug Arnold & Louis des Tombe: Basic theory
and methodology in EUROTRA. In: Sergei
Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation:
theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1987); pp.114-135.
(1987) Gerald Gazdar:
COMIT ==>* PATR II. TINLAP-3: Theoretical
Issues in Natural Language Processing 3:
(1987) Steven L. Lytinen: Integrating syntax and
semantics. In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and
methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987);
pp.302-316.
(1986) D.J.Arnold, S.Krauwer, M.Rosner, L.des Tombe,
& G.B.Varile: The <C,A>,T
framework in Eurotra: a theoretically committed notation for MT.
(1986) Johann Haller & Dieter Maas: Eurotra-D: linguistic research and software test
systems for machine translation. International
Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in
(1986) Lieven Jaspaert: Linguistic developments in Eurotra since 1983.
Coling ’86: 11th International Conference
on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt & Manfred Thiel: Controlled active procedures as a tool for
linguistic engineering. Coling ’86:
11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to
29th, 1986,
(1986) Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt: A CAP parser generator for German. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine
Translation in
(1986) Christian Rohrer: Linguistic bases for machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) Rémi Zajac: SCSL:
a linguistic specification language for MT.
(1985) Doug Arnold, Lieven Jaspaert, Rod Johnson,
Steven Krauwer, Mike Rosner, Louis des Tombe, Nino Varile, & Susan Warwick:
A mu1 view of the
<C,A>,T framework in Eurotra. Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical
and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages,
Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp.
1-14. [PDF, 202KB]
(1985) Louis des Tombe, Doug Arnold, Lieven
Jaspaert, Rod Johnson, Steven Krauwer, Mike Rosner, Nino Varile, & Susan
Warwick: A preliminary linguistic framework for
EUROTRA, June 1985. Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues
in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 283-288. [PDF, 138KB]
(1985) Steven L. Lytinen: Integrating syntax and semantics. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 167-178. [PDF, 176KB]
(1985) Bernard Vauquois & Sylviane Chappuy: Static grammars: a formalism
for the description of linguistic models.
Proceedings of the Conference on
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural
Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985
[TMI-1985]; pp. 298-322. [PDF, 282KB]
(1984) Doug Arnold & Rod Johnson: Robust processing in machine translation.
Coling84: 10th International Conference
on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for
Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Christian Boitet & René Gerber: Expert systems and other new techniques in MT
systems. Coling84: 10th International
Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Marco A. Clemente-Salazar: Use of c-graphs in a prototype for
automatic translation. Coling84: 10th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting
of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) R.L.Johnson, S.Krauwer, M.A.Rosner, &
G.B.Varile: The design of the kernel
architecture for the Eurotra software. Coling84:
10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Jun-ichi Nakamura, Jun-ichi Tsujii, &
Makoto Nagao: Grammar writing system
(GRADE) of Mu-machine translation project and its characteristics. Coling84: 10th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for
Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1980) Ch.Boitet, P.Chatelin, & P.Daun Fraga: Present and future paradigms in the automatized
translation of natural languages. Coling
80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980,
(1980) Werner Dilger: Automatic
translation with attribute grammars. Coling
80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980,
(1980) Alan K.Melby, Melvin R.Smith & Jill
Peterson: ITS: interactive translation system.
Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4,
1980,
(1975) Eldon G. Lytel, Dennis Packard, Daryl Gibb,
Alan K.Melby, & Floyd H.Billings, Jr.:
Junction grammar as a base for natural
language processing. American Journal
of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 26; 74pp. [PDF, 2259KB]
(1973) Alan K. Melby: Junction grammar and machine assisted translation.
Computational and mathematical linguistics:
proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1969) A.V.Gladky & I.A.Mel’čuk: Tree grammars (Δ-grammars). Coling 1969: International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969,
(1968) Itiroo
(1967) Y.Bar-Hillel, A.Kasher, & E.Shamir:
Measures of syntactic complexity. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam:
North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.29-49.
(1967) Steven I. Laszlo: The relevance of some compiler construction techniques
to the description and translation of languages. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement
Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 424KB]
(1966) Wayne A.Lea: The
“spectrum” of weak generative powers of grammars. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1,
March 1966; pp.10-14 [PDF, 200KB]
(1966) B. Vauquois, G. Veillon
& J. Veyrunes: Syntax and interpretation. Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966;
pp.44-54 [PDF, 339KB]
(1963) W.P.
Lehmann: On redundancy in artificial languages. In: Abstracts
of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine
Translation and Computational Linguistics,
(1963) E.D.Pendergraft:
Types of language hierarchy. In: Abstracts of
papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation
and Computational Linguistics,
(1963) Robert
Tabory: Specifications for generative grammars used in language data processing.
In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting
of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics,
(1961) Y.Lecerf: Intrinsic
machine addressing in automatic translation. 1961 International
Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis:
proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.284-312. [PDF,
132KB] [discussion]
(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A new model of syntactic description. 1961 International Conference on Machine
Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the
conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th,
6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.26-60. [PDF, 114KB] [discussion]
(1961) Warren Plath: Automatic
sentence diagramming. 1961 International Conference on Machine
Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the
conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th,
6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 176-191. [PDF, 103KB] [discussion]
(1961) Victor H. Yngve: Random
generation of English sentences. 1961
International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied
Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September;
pp.66-80. [PDF, 146KB] [discussion]
Grammars
and grammar acquisition
(1988) Hee Sung Chung: A principle-based
Korean/Japanese machine translation system: NARA. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological
Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988,
Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, [USA]; 11pp. [PDF, 161KB]
(1966) Paul L. Garvin: Some
comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages.
Mechanical Translation and Computational
Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.2-3 [PDF, 106KB]
(1963) Wayne
Tosh: Collecting linguistic data for the grammar of a language. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the
Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics,
(1961) Paul L. Garvin: Automatic
linguistic analysis – a heuristic problem. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and
Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th
September; pp.656-669. [PDF, 44KB] [discussion]
Graphics see Written forms
Historical
aspects
(1989) Veronica Lawson: Practice
makes less imperfect: users’ needs and their influence on machine translation
development.
(1989) Winfred P. Lehmann: Machine translation: achievements, problems,
promise.
(1989) Makoto Nagao: Report
on Machine Translation Summit. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine
translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 181-186 [PDF, 130KB]
(1989) G. Richard Tucker & Michael Zarechnak: Three historical notes.
(1988) Juan Sager: Ten
years of machine translation design and application: from FAHQT to realism. Translating and the Computer 10:The translation environment 10 years on, ed. Pamela
Mayorcas. Proceedings of a conference… 10-11 November 1988,
CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point,
(1988) Yorick Wilks: Themes
in the work of Margaret Masterman. Translating
and the Computer 10:The translation environment 10
years on, ed. Pamela Mayorcas. Proceedings of a conference…
10-11 November 1988, CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point,
(1986) W.J.Hutchins: Machine
translation: past, present, future. Chichester: Ellis Horwood;
(1986) Lieven Jaspaert: Linguistic developments in Eurotra since 1983.
Coling ’86: 11th International Conference
on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1985) Jonathan Slocum: A survey of
machine translation: its history, current status, and future prospects. Computational Linguistics 11 (1), pp. 1-17
[PDF, 2069KB] [Reprinted
in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation
systems.
(1984) Margaret King: When is the next ALPAC report due? Coling84: 10th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for
Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Jonathan Slocum: Machine translation: its history, current
status, and future prospects. Coling84:
10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1983) Wyn L. Price: Development
of computers and communications: the role of the National Physical Laboratory.
Tools for the Trade: Translating and the
Computer 5. Proceedings of a conference… 10-11 November
1983, London Press Centre, ed. Veronica Lawson. (London: Aslib, 1985);
pp.21-30 [PDF, 69KB]
(1982) Jonathan Allen: Reflections on twenty years of the ACL. 20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 16-18 June 1982,
(1982) Paul G. Chapin: ACL
in 1977. 20th Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 16-18 June 1982,
(1982) Winfred P. Lehmann: My term. 20th
Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 16-18 June 1982,
(1982) Robert F. Simmons: Themes from 1972. 20th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 16-18 June 1982,
(1982) Donald E. Walker: Reflections on 20 years of the ACL, an
introduction. 20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 16-18 June 1982,
(1982) Donald E. Walker: A society in transition. 20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 16-18 June 1982,
(1982) Victor H. Yngve: Our
double anniversary. 20th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 16-18 June 1982,
(1981) W. John Hutchins: The evolution of machine translation systems.
Practical experience of
machine translation. Proceedings of a conference,
(1980) Jonathan Slocum: An
experiment in machine translation. 18th
Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 19-22 June 1980,
(1978) W.J.Hutchins: Machine
translation and machine-aided translation. Journal of Documentation 34 (2), pp. 119-159. [PDF, 378KB]
(1976) O.S.Kulagina: History and present state of machine
translation. Cybernetics, Nov-Dec 1976,
pp.937-944. [Translated from Kibernetika,
Nov-Dec 1976, 124-131.] [PDF, 68КB]
(1976) B.Vauquois: Automatic
translation – a survey of different approaches. [Presented
at Coling 1976,
(1957) Leon Dostert: Brief
history of machine translation research. Report of the
Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies.
“Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert.
(Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957);
pp.3-10. [PDF, 37KB]
Homonyms, homographs and
homophones (see also Word sense disambiguation)
(1980) Hiroshi Makino & Makato Kizawa: An automatic translation system of non-segmented
kana sentences into kanji-kana sentences. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980,
(1973) Heinz J. Weber: The
automatically built up homograph dictionary – a component of a dynamic lexical
system. Computational and mathematical
linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational
Linguistics,
(1967) L.L.Earl, B.V.Bhimani, & R.P.Mitchell: Statistics of operationally defined homonyms of
elementary words. Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2,
March and June 1967; pp.11-17 [PDF, 280KB]
(1961) Y.Lecerf: Intrinsic
machine addressing in automatic translation. 1961 International
Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis:
proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.284-312. [PDF,
132KB] [discussion]
Idioms
(1986) André Schenk: Idioms
in the Rosetta machine translation system. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1973) Annely Rothkegel: Idioms in automatic language processing. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the
International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1957) Panel III:
Scope of syntactic analysis in machine translation – discussion [by Victor
Oswald, Dan Belmore, Paul Garvin, Hugo Mueller, W.P.Lehmann, Richard Thomas,
N.A.Kirsch, Herbert Paper, Michael Zarechnak, Leon Dostert, Martin Joos, Victor
Yngve, Jane Pyne, R.A.Crossland, William Austin, Gilbert King]. Report of the Eighth
Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.167-177.
[PDF, 96KB]
Impersonal constructions
(1963) C.G.Borkowski
& L.R.Micklesen: Generative processes for Russian impersonal sentences. In:
Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of
the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics,
Information extraction see index of applications
Information retrieval see index of applications
Information
theory and MT
(1956) Gilbert W.King: Stochastic methods of
mechanical translation. Mechanical
Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 38-39 [PDF, 85KB]
(1955) Victor H. Yngve: Sentence-for-sentence
translation. Mechanical Translation
2 (2), November 1955; pp. 29-37 [PDF, 188KB]
Interactive
methods
(1989) Ch.Boitet: Motivations, aims and
architecture of the LIDIA project.MT
(1988) Mary McGee Wood & Brian J.Chandler: Machine translation for monolinguals. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2,
pp.760-763. [PDF, 427KB]
(1988) Rémi Zajac: Interactive
translation: a new approach. Coling Budapest:
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.785-790. [PDF, 373KB]
(1987) Roderick L. Johnson & Peter Whitelock:
Machine translation as an expert task.
In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine
translation: theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1987); pp.136-144.
(1987) Toon Witkam: Interlingual MT – an industrial initiative. MT
(1987) Mary McGee Wood,
Elaine Pollard, Heather Horsfall, Natsuko Holden, Brian Chandler, & Jeremy
Carroll: Dictionary organization for machine
translation: the experience and implications of the UMIST Japanese project. Third
conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 April 1987,
(1986) Hirosato Nomura & Hitoshi Iida: English-Japanese interactive machine translation
system LUTE – AID. International Conference on the
State of the Art in Machine Translation in
(1986) P.J.Whitelock, M.McGee Wood, B.J.Chandler, N.Holden & H.J.Horsfall: Strategies for interactive machine
translation: the experience and implications of the UMIST Japanese project.
Coling ’86: 11th International Conference
on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1985) Jaime G. Carbonell & Masaru Tomita: New approaches to machine translation. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 59-74. [PDF, 287KB]
(1985) R. Gerber &
(1985) Rod Johnson & Pete Whitelock: Machine translation as an expert task. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 145-153. [PDF, 138KB]
(1985) Masaru Tomita: Feasibility
study of personal/interactive machine translation systems. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 289-297. [PDF, 156KB]
(1984) Christian Boitet & René Gerber: Expert systems and other new techniques in MT
systems. Coling84: 10th International
Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Marco A. Clemente-Salazar: Use of c-graphs in a prototype for
automatic translation. Coling84: 10th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting
of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1984) Masaru Tomita: Disambiguating grammatically ambiguous
sentences by asking. Coling84: 10th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting
of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1983) Russell Bateman: Introduction to interactive translation. Tools for the Trade: Translating and the
Computer 5. Proceedings of a conference… 10-11 November
1983, London Press Centre, ed. Veronica Lawson. (London: Aslib, 1985);
pp.193-197 [PDF, 21KB]
(1983) Merle
D.Tenney: Machine translation, machine-aided
translation, and machine-impeded translation. Tools
for the Trade: Translating and the Computer 5. Proceedings
of a conference… 10-11 November 1983, London Press Centre, ed. Veronica Lawson.
(London: Aslib, 1985); pp.105-113 [PDF, 38KB]
(1981) Michael G. Hundt: Working
with the Weidner machine-aided translation system. Practical experience of
machine translation. Proceedings of a conference,
(1980) Martin Kay: The proper place of men and
machines in language translation.
(1980) Alan K.Melby, Melvin R.Smith & Jill
Peterson: ITS: interactive translation system.
Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4,
1980,
(1978) Shiu-Chang Loh & Luan Kong: An interactive on-line machine translation system
(Chinese into English). Translating and the Computer: proceedings of a seminar,
(1976) Shiu-Chang Loh: CULT,
Chinese University Language Translator [abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on
Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1975) Eldon G. Lytel, Dennis Packard, Daryl Gibb,
Alan K.Melby, & Floyd H.Billings, Jr.:
Junction grammar as a base for natural
language processing. American Journal
of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 26; 74pp. [PDF, 2259KB]
(1973) Christian Boitet: Towards an adaptative and interactive system in
automatic translation. Computational and mathematical
linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational
Linguistics,
(1973) Alan K. Melby: Junction grammar and machine assisted translation.
Computational and mathematical linguistics:
proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1969) Yorick Wilks: Interactive
semantic analysis of English paragraphs. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
1-4 September 1969,
(1967) Margaret Masterman: Man-aided computer translation from English
into French using an on-line system to manipulate a bi-lingual conceptual
dictionary, or thesaurus. Coling 1967: Conference
Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France,
August 1967; 22pp. [PDF,
887KB]
Interlingua methods (see also Knowledge-based MT, Language universals)
(1989) Jaime G. Carbonell: Interlingua – technical prospect of interlingua. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), p. 30-31. [PDF,
98KB]
(1989) Jan Landsbergen: The Rosetta
project. MT Summit II, August 16-18,
1989, Munich, Germany [
(1989) Sergei Nirenburg: New developments in knowledge-based machine
translation.
(1989) Hozumi Tanaka, Shun Ishizaki, Akira Uehara, & Hiroshi
Uchida: Research and development of cooperation
project on a machine translation system for Japan and its neighboring
countries. MT Summit II, August
16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [
(1989) Masaru Tomita &
Jaime G.Carbonell: CMU project. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo:
Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 72-82. [PDF, 221KB]
(1989) Hiroshi Uchida: ATLAS. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich,
Germany [
(1989) Hiroshi Uchida: ATLAS II: a machine translation system using
conceptual structure as an interlingua. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo:
Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 93-100 [PDF, 177KB] [Rewritten version of paper given at MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit,
Hakone, Japan, September 1987]
(1989) Hiroshi Uchida: Interlingua – necessity of interlingua
for multilingual translation. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), p. 29. [PDF,
77KB] [Rewritten version of paper given at MT
Summit: Machine Translation Summit,
(1988) Iván Guzman de Rojas:
ATAMIRI - interlingual MT using the Aymara language. In:
Dan Maxwell,
Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in
machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1988) P.C.Rolf: Machine
translation: the languages network (versus the intermediate language). Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
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(1988) Klaus Schubert: The architecture of DLT - interlingual or double
direct? In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1988) Klaus Schubert: Implicitness as a guiding principle in machine
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(1988) Jun-ichi Tsujii: What is a cross-linguistically valid interpretation of
discourse? In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert
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(1988) Hiroshi Uchida: ATLAS II: a
machine translation system using conceptual structures as an interlingua.
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(1988) Toon Witkam: DLT
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(1988) Michael Zarechnak: Complex
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(1988) Cornelia Zelinsky-Wibbelt: Universal quantification in machine translation.
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(1987) Kazunori Muraki: PIVOT: two-phase machine translation system. MT
(1987) Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin, & Allen B.
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methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987);
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(1987) Petr Sgall &
Jarmila Panevová: Machine translation,
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the conference, 1-3 April 1987,
(1987) Yoshihide Tsuji: Research and development project of machine
translation system with Japan’s neighboring countries. MT
(1987) Jun-ichi Tsujii: What is ‘PIVOT’? MT
(1987) Hiroshi Uchida: Necessity for interlingua
for multilingual translation. MT
(1987) Toon Witkam: Interlingual MT – an industrial initiative. MT
(1986) Lisette Appelo & Jan Landsbergen: The machine translation project Rosetta. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine
Translation in
(1986) Burham Bukhari: BAPCOMP’s
universal computer system. International Conference on
the State of the Art in Machine Translation in
(1986) Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin, & Allen
Tucker: On knowledge-based machine
translation. Coling ’86: 11th
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1986,
(1986) B.C.Papegaaij, V.Sadler, & A.P.M.Witkam: Experiments with an MT-directed lexical
knowledge bank. Coling ’86: 11th
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1986,
(1986) B.C.Papegaaij: Word expert semantics: an interlingual
knowledge-based approach; ed. V.Sadler and A.P.M.Witkam.
(1986) André Schenk: Idioms
in the Rosetta machine translation system. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1985) Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin & Allen B.
Tucker: Interlingua design for TRANSLATOR. Proceedings
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Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 224-244. [PDF, 318KB]
(1985) Frank van Eynde, Louis
des Tombe, & Fons Maes: The specification
of time meaning for machine translation. Second
conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 27-29 March 1985,
(1985) Bernard Vauquois & Christian Boitet: Automated translation at Grenoble University. Computational Linguistics 11 (1), pp.
28-36 [PDF, 983KB] [Reprinted
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systems.
(1983) Harold L. Somers: Investigating
the possibility of a microprocessor-based machine translation system. First conference on Applied Natural Language
Processing [of] Association for Computational
Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 February 1983,
Miramar-Sheraton Hotel, Santa Monica, California, USA; pp. 149-155 [PDF, 537KB]
(1983)
A.P.M.Witkam: DLT: distributed language translation
– a multilingual system for computer networks. Feasibility
study of a multilingual facility for videotex information networks.
(1982) Jan Landsbergen: Machine translation based on logically
isomorphic Montague grammars. Coling
82: proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational
Linguistics,
(1982) N.N.Leont’eva: Automatic translation through understanding and
summarizing. Coling
82 [Ninth International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1982) H.L.Somers & R.L.Johnson: Bede: a microprocessor-based machine translation
system. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1980) Hiroshi Uchida & Kenji Sugiyama: A machine translation system from Japanese into
English based on conceptual structure. Coling
80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational
Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980,
(1977) W.Goshawke: SLUNT
(Spoken Language Universal Numeric Translation). Overcoming
the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and
Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the
European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.661-675.
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(1975) Eldon G. Lytel, Dennis Packard, Daryl Gibb,
Alan K.Melby, & Floyd H.Billings, Jr.:
Junction grammar as a base for natural
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(1973) Yorick Wilks & Annette Herskovits: An intelligent analyser and generator for natural
language. Computational and
mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on
Computational Linguistics,
(1973) Alan K. Melby: Junction grammar and machine assisted translation.
Computational and mathematical linguistics:
proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
(1969) Yorick Wilks: Interactive
semantic analysis of English paragraphs. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
1-4 September 1969,
(1967) N.D.Andreev: The intermediary language as the
focal point of machine translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam:
North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.1-27.
(1967) Silvio Ceccato: Correlational analysis and
mechanical translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine
translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing
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(1967) O.S.Kulagina & I.A.Mel’čuk: Automatic
translation: some theoretical aspects and the design of a translation system.
In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation.
(Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967);
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(1962) Jared Darlington: Interlingua and MT, a discussion. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.1,
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(1961) Margaret Masterman: Semantic message detection for machine translation,
using an interlingua. 1961 International
Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis:
proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.438-474. [PDF,
109KB] [discussion]
(1961) Georges Mounin: Sémantique
et mécanographie.
Mechanical
Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.72-75. [PDF, 135KB]
(1961) Itiroo
(1957) M.M.Masterman: The thesaurus in
syntax and semantics, Mechanical
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(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Mechanical translation program utilizing an
interlingual thesaurus [Abstract]. In: Report on
research: Cambridge Language Research Unit. Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; p.36.
(1956) R.H.Richens: General program for mechanical translation between
any two languages via an algebraic interlingua
[Abstract]. In: Report on research: Cambridge
Language Research Unit. Mechanical
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November 1956; p.37.
(1955) Alexander Gode: Signal system in
Interlingua. Mechanical Translation
2 (3), December 1955; pp. 55-60 [PDF, 143KB]
Intermediary
(natural) language see Pivot
language
Internet
and MT see index of applications
Intonation see Emphasis and stress
Introductions
to MT
(1960) D.Yu.Panov : Automatic translation. Translated
from the Russian by R.Kisch, edited by A.J.Mitchell.
Isomorphism see Reversibility
Journals
on MT
(1970) Warren J.Plath: Open letter from the President [of the Association
for Computational Linguistics] The Finite String
7 (8), June 1970; pp.1-4. [PDF, 33KB]
(1970) Victor H.Yngve: Final report on the journal MT [submitted to the
Association for Computational Linguistics]. Typescript, July 1970.;
23pp. [PDF, 105KB]
Knowledge-based
MT
(1989) Sergei Nirenburg: KBMT-89: a
knowledge-based MT project at Carnegie-Mellon University. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich,
Germany [
(1989) Sergei Nirenburg: New developments in knowledge-based machine
translation.
(1989) Masaru Tomita & Jaime G.Carbonell:
CMU project. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 72-82. [PDF,
221KB]
(1988) Christian Galinski: Advanced terminology banks supporting knowledge-based MT: some reflections on the costs for setting-up
and operating a terminological data bank (TDB). In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings,
(1988) Sergei Nirenburg, Rita McCardell, Eric
Nyberg, Scott Huffman, Edward Kernschaft, & Irene Nirenburg: Lexical realization in natural language
generation. Second International
Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of
Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for
Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 16pp. [PDF, 278KB]
(1988) Hirosato Nomura: Meaning
understanding in machine translation. Second
International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon
University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA];
10pp. [PDF, 138KB]
(1988) Masaru Tomita, Marion Kee, Hiroaki Saito, Teruko Mitamura, &
Hideto Tomabechi: The universal parser compiler
and its application to a speech translation system. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological
Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988,
Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, [USA]; 19pp. [PDF, 259KB]
(1987) Jaime G. Carbonell & Masaru Tomita: Knowledge-based
machine translation, the CMU approach.
In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine
translation: theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1987); pp.68-89
(1987) Sergei Nirenburg & Victor Raskin: The subworld concept lexicon and the lexicon
management system. Computational Linguistics 13 (3-4), pp.
276-289 [PDF, 1187KB]
(1987) Rika Yoshii: JETR: a robust machine translation system. 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 6-9 July 1987,
(1986) Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin, & Allen
Tucker: On knowledge-based machine
translation. Coling ’86: 11th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th,
1986,
(1986) B.C.Papegaaij: Word expert semantics: an interlingual
knowledge-based approach; ed. V.Sadler and A.P.M.Witkam.
(1986) Masaru Tomita & Jaime G.Carbonell: Another stride towards knowledge-based machine
translation. Coling ’86: 11th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th,
1986,
(1985) Jaime G. Carbonell & Masaru Tomita: New approaches to machine translation. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 59-74. [PDF, 287KB]
Knowledge
representation
(1989) Hiroaki Kitano, Hideto
Tomabechi, & Lori Levin: Ambiguity
resolution in the DmTrans Plus.
Fourth conference of the European Chapter of
the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the
conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 72-79. [PDF, 739KB]
(1989) Victor Sadler: Working with analogical semantics:
disambiguation techniques in DLT.
(1988) Chen Zhaoxiang & Gao
Qingshi: English-Chinese machine translation
system IMT/EC. Coling Budapest:
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1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.1, pp.117-122. [PDF, 573KB]
(1988) Sergei Nirenburg & Irene Nirenburg: A framework for lexical selection in natural
language generation. Coling Budapest:
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.471-475. [PDF, 445KB]
(1988) Hirosato Nomura: Meaning
understanding in machine translation. Second
International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon
University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA];
10pp. [PDF, 138KB]
(1988) Miyo Otani & Nathalie Simonin: Functional
descriptions as a formalism for linguistic knowledge representation in a
generation oriented approach. Second
International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon
University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA];
11pp. [PDF, 165KB]
(1988) Jun-ichi Tsujii & Makoto Nagao: Dialogue translation vs. text translation –
interpretation based approach. Coling Budapest:
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.688-693. [PDF, 483KB]
(1987) Richard E. Cullingford & Boyan A.
Onyshkevych: An experiment in lexicon-driven machine translation. In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and
methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987);
pp.278-301.
(1987) Kazuhiro Fuchi: The FGCS project and machine translation systems. MT
(1987) Sergei Nirenburg: Knowledge and choices in machine
translation. In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and
methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987);
pp.1-21
(1986) Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin, & Allen
Tucker: On knowledge-based machine
translation. Coling ’86: 11th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th,
1986,
(1986) Hirosato Nomura, Shozo Naito, Yasuhiro
Katagiri, & Akira Shimazu: Translation by
understanding: a machine translation system LUTE. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) Dietmar Rösner: When
Mariko talks to Siegfried: experiences from a Japanese/German machine
translation project. Coling ’86: 11th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th,
1986,
(1986) Allen B.Tucker, Sergei Nirenburg, & Victor
Raskin: Discourse and cohesion in expository
text. Coling ’86: 11th International
Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1985) R.E.Cullingford & B.A.Onyshkevych:
Lexicon-driven machine translation. Proceedings of the Conference
on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural
Languages,
Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp.
75-115. [PDF, 287KB]
(1985) R. Gerber &
(1985) Rod Johnson & Pete Whitelock: Machine translation as an expert task. Proceedings
of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine
Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York,
August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 145-153. [PDF, 138KB]
(1984) Christian Boitet & René Gerber: Expert systems and other new techniques in MT
systems. Coling84: 10th International
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Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984,
(1982) Susumu Sawai, Hiromichi Fukushima, Masakatsu
Sugimoto, & Naoya Ukai: Knowledge
representation and machine translation. Coling
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(1976) Robert F. Simmons: Formal representation
[abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on Machine
Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1976) Yorick Wilks: Semantics
and world knowledge in MT [abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on Machine
Translation, 8-9 March 1976,
(1967) Silvio Ceccato: Correlational analysis and
mechanical translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine
translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing
Company, 1967); pp.77-135.
Language
resources (see also Lexical resources)
(1987) Donald E. Walker: Knowledge resource tools for
accessing large text files. In: Sergei
Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation:
theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1987); pp.247-261
(1985) Donald E. Walker: Knowledge
resource tools for accessing large text files. Proceedings
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August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 335-347. [PDF, 258KB]
(1963) Wayne
Tosh: Collecting linguistic data for the grammar of a language. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the
Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics,
Language
universals
(1988) Dietrich M. Weidmann: Universal
applicability of dependency grammar. In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation.
Conference proceedings,
(1952) Erwin Reifler: General
mechanical translation and universal grammar. Presented
at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. (Studies on Mechanical Translation, no.4) [PDF, 69KB]
Lattices
and networks
(1988) P.C.Rolf: Machine
translation: the languages network (versus the intermediate language). Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.2, pp.544-548. [PDF, 440KB]
(1965) R.M.Needham: Applications
of the theory of clumps. Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June
and October 1965; pp.113-127 [PDF, 269KB]
(1965) E.D.Pendergraft & N.Dale: Automatic linguistic classification. Coling 1965: International Conference on
Computational
(1963) Vincent E.
Giuliano: Word and context association by means of linear networks. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the
Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics,
(1961) Margaret Masterman: Semantic message detection for machine
translation, using an interlingua. 1961 International
Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis:
proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.438-474. [PDF,
109KB] [discussion]
(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A new model of syntactic description. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and
Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th
September; pp.26-60. [PDF, 114KB] [discussion]
(1956) M.Masterman: New techniques for
analyzing sentences [Abstract]. Mechanical
Translation 3 (1), July 1956; pp. 4-5 [PDF, 222KB]
Learning
and training
(1982) Makoto Nagao & Jun-ichi Nakamura: A parser which learns the application order of
rewriting rules. Coling 82:
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(1965) R.M.Needham: Applications
of the theory of clumps. Mechanical
Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June
and October 1965; pp.113-127 [PDF, 269KB]
(1963) John F. Tinker: Learning and translating by machines. Mechanical
Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.47-49 [PDF, 97KB]
Left
Associative Grammar
(1988) Roland Hausser: Computational complexity
of left-associative grammar. Second
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Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon
University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA];
12pp. [PDF, 196KB]
Lexical
acquisition see Lexical
resources
Lexical
Functional Grammar
(1989) Ronald M.Kaplan, Klaus
Netter, Jürgen Wedekind, & Annie Zaenen: Translation
by structural correspondences. Fourth conference
of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science
and Technology,
(1986) Ikuo Kudo & Hirosato Nomura: Lexical-functional transfer: a transfer framework
in a machine translation system based on LFG. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) Klaus Netter & Jürgen Wedekind: An LFG-based approach to machine translation. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine
Translation in
(1986) P.J.Whitelock, M.McGee Wood, B.J.Chandler, N.Holden & H.J.Horsfall: Strategies for interactive machine
translation: the experience and implications of the UMIST Japanese project.
Coling ’86: 11th International Conference
on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
Lexical
gaps see Lexical transfer
Lexical
resources and lexical acquisition
(1989) Ulrich Heid &
Sybille Raab: Collocations in multilingual
generation. Fourth conference of the
European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics:
Proceedings of the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester
Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 130-136. [PDF,
507KB]
(1989) M.Moureau, G.Brace, & P.Boisserpe: IFP terminological databases and the compiling of
specialised dictionaries. Translating
and the Computer 11: Preparing for the next decade, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 16-17 November 1989, The Conference Forum,
The Sedgwick Centre,
(1989) Hiroshi Uchida & Takahiro
Kakizaki: Electronic dictionary project. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha,
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(1988) Igal Golan, Shalom Lappin, & Mori Rimon: An active bilingual lexicon for machine
translation. Coling Budapest: Proceedings
of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August
1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
vol.1, pp.205-211. [PDF, 678KB]
(1987) Naohiro Kakizaki: Research and development of an electronic
dictionary: current status and future plan.
MT
(1987) Sergei Nirenburg & Victor Raskin: The subworld concept lexicon and the lexicon
management system. Computational Linguistics 13 (3-4), pp.
276-289 [PDF, 1187KB]
(1987) Mary McGee Wood,
Elaine Pollard, Heather Horsfall, Natsuko Holden, Brian Chandler, & Jeremy
Carroll: Dictionary organization for machine
translation: the experience and implications of the UMIST Japanese project. Third
conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational
Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 April 1987,
(1986) Ch.Boitet & N.Nedobejkine: Toward integrated dictionaries for M(a)T: motivations and linguistic organisation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986,
(1986) B.C.Papegaaij, V.Sadler, & A.P.M.Witkam: Experiments with an MT-directed lexical
knowledge bank. Coling ’86: 11th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th,
1986,
(1986) B.C.Papegaaij: Word expert semantics: an interlingual
knowledge-based approach; ed. V.Sadler and A.P.M.Witkam.
(1985) Eric Wehrli: Design and implementation of a lexical data base. Second conference
of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of
the conference, 27-29 March 1985,
(1984) Yoshiyuki Sakamoto, Masayuki Satoh, & Tetsuya Ishikawa: